ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR MANUFACTURING: COMPLETE GUIDE TO INCONEL 713C, IN-713C, UNS N07713, K418 & GLOBAL SPECIFICATIONS TITLE: ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR MANUFACTURING – INCONEL 713C, UNS N07713, K418, IN-713C CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, STANDARDS & APPLICATIONS PRIMARY KEYWORDS: ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR, INCONEL 713C ROUND BAR, IN 713C, IN-713C, UNS N07713, ALLOY 713C MANUFACTURER, INCONEL 713C MANUFACTURER, 713C NICKEL ALLOY, 713C SUPERALLOY, K418 ALLOY, K18 ALLOY, K418 ROUND BAR, NICKEL ALLOY ROUND BAR, NICKEL SUPERALLOY BAR, CAST NICKEL ALLOY, HIGH TEMPERATURE ALLOY, TURBINE BLADE MATERIAL, GAS TURBINE ALLOY, AEROSPACE NICKEL ALLOY, INVESTMENT CASTING ALLOY, VACUUM MELTED NICKEL ALLOY, PRECIPITATION HARDENING NICKEL ALLOY. TECHNICAL NOTE: ALLOY 713C IS FUNDAMENTALLY A CAST NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOY, RATHER THAN A CONVENTIONAL WROUGHT BAR GRADE. CONSEQUENTLY, A “713C ROUND BAR” IS COMMONLY SUPPLIED AS CAST/PRECISION-CAST CYLINDRICAL STOCK, MASTER-ALLOY/REMELT BAR, OR CUSTOMER-SPECIFIC BAR RATHER THAN AS A UNIVERSALLY STANDARDIZED WROUGHT ROUND BAR. THE CURRENT SAE SPECIFICATION AMS 5391J COVERS VACUUM-CAST, AS-CAST NICKEL-ALLOY INVESTMENT CASTINGS. 1) WHAT IS ALLOY 713C? ALLOY 713C, COMMONLY IDENTIFIED AS INCONEL 713C, IN 713C OR IN-713C, IS A PRECIPITATION-HARDENING NICKEL-CHROMIUM CAST SUPERALLOY DEVELOPED FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE SERVICE. IT IS RECOGNIZED FOR: • HIGH-TEMPERATURE TENSILE AND STRESS-RUPTURE STRENGTH • EXCELLENT OXIDATION RESISTANCE • GOOD THERMAL-FATIGUE RESISTANCE • GOOD CASTABILITY • MICROSTRUCTURAL STABILITY • HIGH Γ′ PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING • SUITABILITY FOR TURBINE AND TURBOCHARGER COMPONENTS. THE NICKEL INSTITUTE DESCRIBES ALLOY 713C AS A PRECIPITATION-HARDENABLE NICKEL-CHROMIUM-BASE CAST ALLOY WITH STRENGTH TO APPROXIMATELY 1800°F (982°C) AND HIGHLIGHTS ITS CASTABILITY, OXIDATION RESISTANCE AND THERMAL-FATIGUE RESISTANCE. MODERN SUPERALLOY PRODUCERS IDENTIFY IN 713C FOR APPLICATIONS INCLUDING AEROSPACE, POWER GENERATION AND INDUSTRIAL HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS. 2) ALLOY 713C INTERNATIONAL EQUIVALENTS & TRADE NAMES THE FOLLOWING NAMES ARE ENCOUNTERED IN INTERNATIONAL PURCHASING, ENGINEERING AND METALLURGICAL LITERATURE. REGION / SYSTEM - DESIGNATION / REFERENCE USA: ALLOY 713C USA / COMMERCIAL: INCONEL 713C USA / HISTORICAL: IN-713C / IN 713C UNS N07713 IS WIDELY CITED COMMERCIALLY SAE / AMS 5391 FAMILY CHINA: K418 CHINA, HISTORICAL: K18 CHINA: K418B IS ENCOUNTERED AS A RELATED/MODIFIED DESIGNATION PRATT & WHITNEY: PWA 655 EUROPEAN TRADE REFERENCES: NI-CR-MO-AL-NB-TI CAST-SUPERALLOY DESIGNATIONS VARY BY SUPPLIER RUSSIA / CIS TRADE REFERENCES: ЖС13 / ВЖЛ13 ARE CITED AS CLOSE/COMPARATIVE GRADES JAPAN / ASIA: IN-713C / IN713C COMMONLY USED GENERIC DESIGNATION: NICKEL-BASE PRECIPITATION-HARDENING CAST SUPERALLOY IMPORTANT: INTERNATIONAL “EQUIVALENT” TABLES SHOULD BE TREATED AS COMPARATIVE PURCHASING REFERENCES, NOT AUTOMATIC METALLURGICAL EQUIVALENCE. CHEMISTRY, CASTING ROUTE, HEAT TREATMENT, MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS AND OEM QUALIFICATION MUST BE CHECKED BEFORE SUBSTITUTING ONE GRADE FOR ANOTHER. K418 IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT IN CHINA: TECHNICAL LITERATURE DESCRIBES K418 AS EQUIVALENT/CLOSELY RELATED TO INCONEL 713C, WHILE RESEARCH LITERATURE EXPLICITLY DESCRIBES K418 AS A NI-CR-MO-NB-AL-TI PRECIPITATION-STRENGTHENED SUPERALLOY. 3) INCONEL 713C BRAND & COMMON NAMES FOR AND INTERNATIONAL PROCUREMENT, BUYERS MAY SEARCH FOR ALLOY 713C USING MANY DIFFERENT EXPRESSIONS: COMMON NAMES • ALLOY 713C • 713C ALLOY • 713C NICKEL ALLOY • 713C SUPERALLOY • IN 713C • IN-713C • IN713C • INCONEL 713C • INCONEL 713 C • INCONEL ALLOY 713C • NICKEL 713C • CAST 713C • VACUUM-CAST 713C • 713C ROUND BAR • 713C BAR • 713C ROD • 713C BILLET • 713C MASTER ALLOY • 713C REMELT STOCK CHINESE-MARKET SEARCHES • K418 • K18 • K418 ALLOY • K418 ROUND BAR • K418 HIGH-TEMPERATURE ALLOY • K418 NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOY • K418 CASTING ALLOY • K418B APPLICATION-ORIENTED SEARCHES • TURBINE BLADE ALLOY 713C • TURBOCHARGER WHEEL ALLOY 713C • GAS TURBINE BLADE MATERIAL • AEROSPACE NICKEL SUPERALLOY • HIGH TEMPERATURE NICKEL ALLOY • INVESTMENT CASTING SUPERALLOY • PRECIPITATION HARDENING NICKEL ALLOY • CAST NICKEL ALLOY ROUND BAR. 4) CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ALLOY 713C A REPRESENTATIVE AMS 5391 CHEMISTRY IS: ELEMENT - TYPICAL / SPECIFICATION RANGE, WT.% NICKEL BALANCE CHROMIUM 12.00–14.00 MOLYBDENUM 3.80–5.20 COLUMBIUM/NIOBIUM + TANTALUM 1.80–2.80 ALUMINIUM 5.50–6.50 TITANIUM 0.50–1.00 CARBON 0.08–0.20 BORON 0.005–0.015 ZIRCONIUM 0.05–0.15 IRON 2.50 MAX SILICON 0.50 MAX MANGANESE 0.25 MAX COPPER 0.50 MAX THE NICKEL INSTITUTE'S ALLOY 713C DATA GIVES THESE RANGES UNDER THE AMS 5391 REFERENCE AND IDENTIFIES NICKEL AS THE BALANCE ELEMENT. CURRENT SAE AMS 5391J, REVISED IN JULY 2025, DESCRIBES THE MATERIAL AS A CORROSION- AND HEAT-RESISTANT NICKEL ALLOY FOR INVESTMENT CASTINGS AND IDENTIFIES THE NOMINAL SYSTEM AS APPROXIMATELY NI-13CR-4.5MO-2.3NB-0.75TI-6AL WITH CONTROLLED C, B AND ZR. 5) WHY ALLOY 713C HAS EXCELLENT HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRENGTH THE PRINCIPAL STRENGTHENING MECHANISM IS PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING. THE HIGH ALUMINIUM AND TITANIUM CONTENTS PROMOTE FORMATION OF THE ORDERED Γ′ PHASE, NI₃(AL, TI), WITHIN THE NICKEL-BASED Γ MATRIX. NIOBIUM, MOLYBDENUM, CHROMIUM, CARBON, BORON AND ZIRCONIUM ADDITIONALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE ALLOY'S HIGH-TEMPERATURE MICROSTRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR. RESEARCH ON IN 713C HAS IDENTIFIED: • Γ DENDRITIC MATRIX • Γ′ PRECIPITATES • PRIMARY MC CARBIDE • MC/Γ EUTECTIC CONSTITUENTS • ELEMENTAL SEGREGATION ASSOCIATED WITH SOLIDIFICATION. THIS MICROSTRUCTURE IS ONE REASON 713C IS PARTICULARLY VALUABLE AS A CAST HIGH-TEMPERATURE ALLOY RATHER THAN SIMPLY AS A CONVENTIONAL STAINLESS OR NICKEL ALLOY BAR. 6) ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR MANUFACTURING PROCESS STEP 1 – RAW MATERIAL SELECTION MANUFACTURING BEGINS WITH CONTROLLED CHARGE MATERIALS SUCH AS: • HIGH-PURITY NICKEL • CHROMIUM • MOLYBDENUM • ALUMINIUM • TITANIUM • NIOBIUM • CARBON ADDITIONS • BORON ADDITIONS • ZIRCONIUM • CONTROLLED MASTER ALLOYS. CHARGE SELECTION IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT BECAUSE TRACE ELEMENTS AND GASES CAN INFLUENCE CASTING QUALITY. STEP 2 – VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING FOR HIGH-QUALITY ALLOY 713C, VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING (VIM) IS A KEY MANUFACTURING ROUTE. THE CHARGE IS MELTED UNDER VACUUM TO CONTROL: • OXYGEN • NITROGEN • HYDROGEN • VOLATILE CONTAMINANTS • UNWANTED INCLUSIONS. HISTORICAL 713C PRODUCTION INITIALLY INVOLVED AIR MELTING FOLLOWED BY ARGON CASTING, WHILE IMPROVED VACUUM TECHNOLOGY ENABLED VACUUM MELTING AND VACUUM CASTING FOR MORE CONSISTENT HIGH-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES. MODERN PRODUCERS LIKEWISE DESCRIBE VIM AS AN IMPORTANT ROUTE FOR PRODUCING IN 713C INGOTS. 7) VACUUM CASTING AND ROUND BAR PRODUCTION BECAUSE ALLOY 713C IS A CAST SUPERALLOY, ITS MANUFACTURING PHILOSOPHY DIFFERS SIGNIFICANTLY FROM THAT OF GRADES SUCH AS INCONEL 625 OR INCONEL 718 WROUGHT BAR. A SIMPLIFIED ROUTE IS: RAW MATERIALS → VIM → CHEMICAL ADJUSTMENT → VACUUM CASTING → CYLINDRICAL CAST BAR/INGOT → INSPECTION → OPTIONAL HEAT TREATMENT → MACHINING → DIMENSIONAL FINISHING → TESTING → CERTIFICATION RESEARCH HAS DOCUMENTED CONVENTIONAL IN 713C CYLINDRICAL BARS PRODUCED BY VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING AND CASTING INTO STEEL MOULDS UNDER PROTECTIVE ARGON. CONTINUOUS CASTING HAS ALSO BEEN INVESTIGATED FOR IN 713C. RESEARCH DEMONSTRATED PRODUCTION OF APPROXIMATELY 10-MM CYLINDRICAL MATERIAL USING A WATER-COOLED COPPER-BERYLLIUM MOULD UNDER ARGON. 8) INVESTMENT CASTING OF ALLOY 713C INVESTMENT CASTING IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT FOR THE FINAL MANUFACTURE OF: • TURBINE BLADES • TURBINE VANES • TURBOCHARGER WHEELS • GAS TURBINE COMPONENTS • AEROSPACE HOT-SECTION COMPONENTS. THE AMS 5391 SPECIFICATION SPECIFICALLY COVERS INVESTMENT CASTINGS, RATHER THAN ORDINARY WROUGHT BAR PRODUCTS. THE TYPICAL PRECISION-CASTING SEQUENCE IS: WAX PATTERN → CERAMIC SHELL → DEWAXING → SHELL FIRING → VACUUM MELTING → CONTROLLED POURING → SOLIDIFICATION → SHELL REMOVAL → CUTTING → FETTLING → INSPECTION → HEAT TREATMENT IF SPECIFIED → MACHINING → FINAL INSPECTION. 9) ROUND BAR / REMELT STOCK MANUFACTURING ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT DISTINCTIONS FOR BUYERS IS WHETHER THE REQUESTED 713C ROUND BAR IS INTENDED AS: 1. A FINISHED ENGINEERING BAR, 2. CYLINDRICAL CAST STOCK, 3. MASTER-ALLOY BAR, 4. REMELT STOCK, 5. MATERIAL FOR INVESTMENT CASTING, 6. LABORATORY MATERIAL, OR 7. A CUSTOM-MACHINED CYLINDRICAL COMPONENT. FOR FOUNDRIES, CYLINDRICAL 713C BARS CAN SERVE AS REMELTING FEEDSTOCK FOR SUBSEQUENT CASTING. A METALLURGICAL STUDY SPECIFICALLY DESCRIBES CONVENTIONAL 713C CYLINDRICAL BARS BEING PRODUCED FIRST AND THEN REMELTED BY FOUNDRIES TO MANUFACTURE FINAL SHAPES. 10) ALLOY 713C HEAT TREATMENT UNLIKE MANY WROUGHT PRECIPITATION-HARDENING NICKEL ALLOYS, 713C IS COMMONLY USED IN THE AS-CAST CONDITION. THE EXACT THERMAL TREATMENT DEPENDS ON: • CUSTOMER SPECIFICATION • OEM SPECIFICATION • CASTING GEOMETRY • REQUIRED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES • GRAIN STRUCTURE • APPLICATION • CASTING PROCESS. THEREFORE, MANUFACTURERS SHOULD NOT AUTOMATICALLY APPLY AN INCONEL 718-STYLE SOLUTION-AND-AGE SCHEDULE TO 713C. THE HISTORICAL AMS 5391 DATA SPECIFICALLY PROVIDES MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS IN THE AS-CAST CONDITION. 11) ALLOY 713C MECHANICAL PROPERTIES REPRESENTATIVE HISTORICAL AMS 5391 REQUIREMENTS INCLUDE: PROPERTY - REPRESENTATIVE REQUIREMENT ROOM-TEMPERATURE TENSILE STRENGTH: 110 KSI MIN. 0.2% YIELD STRENGTH: 100 KSI MIN. ELONGATION: 3% MIN. HARDNESS: 30–42 HRC STRESS RUPTURE: 1800°F / 22 KSI / 30 MIN MINIMUM WITH SPECIFIED ELONGATION REQUIREMENT THESE FIGURES ARE SPECIFICATION-RELATED HISTORICAL DATA AND SHOULD NOT BE TREATED AS GUARANTEED VALUES FOR EVERY COMMERCIALLY SUPPLIED BAR. CERTIFICATION SHOULD ALWAYS BE CHECKED AGAINST THE EXACT REVISION AND PURCHASE SPECIFICATION. ONE CURRENT PRODUCER REPORTS APPROXIMATELY 1075 MPA ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH AND 620–670 MPA YIELD STRENGTH FOR ITS IN 713C AS-CAST PRODUCT, ILLUSTRATING WHY SUPPLIER-SPECIFIC CERTIFICATION MATTERS. 12) PHYSICAL & SERVICE CHARACTERISTICS ALLOY 713C IS SELECTED WHERE A COMPONENT MUST WITHSTAND COMBINATIONS OF: • HIGH TEMPERATURE • OXIDATION • THERMAL CYCLING • CENTRIFUGAL LOADING • CREEP • STRESS RUPTURE • THERMAL FATIGUE. A CURRENT PRODUCER DESCRIBES IN 713C FOR CONVENTIONALLY CAST TURBINE AIRFOILS OPERATING AROUND 790–870°C, WHILE HISTORICAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION EVALUATES ITS STRENGTH TO APPROXIMATELY 1800°F. THE ACTUAL MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SERVICE TEMPERATURE DEPENDS ON COMPONENT DESIGN, STRESS, ATMOSPHERE, COATING SYSTEM, DURATION AND APPLICABLE OEM SPECIFICATION. 13) ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR APPLICATIONS AEROSPACE • TURBINE BLADES • TURBINE VANES • GUIDE VANES • HOT-SECTION COMPONENTS • ENGINE COMPONENTS • PRECISION CAST AEROSPACE PARTS. PRATT & WHITNEY DOCUMENTATION IDENTIFIES PWA 655 AS EQUIVALENT TO INCONEL 713C. AUTOMOTIVE 713C IS HISTORICALLY IMPORTANT FOR: • TURBOCHARGER WHEELS • TURBOCHARGER ROTORS • HIGH-TEMPERATURE ROTATING COMPONENTS. RESEARCH LITERATURE NOTES THAT IN 713C HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY USED IN PRECISION-CAST TURBOCHARGER WHEELS. POWER GENERATION • GAS TURBINE COMPONENTS • TURBINE BLADES • STATIONARY HOT-SECTION PARTS • HIGH-TEMPERATURE ROTATING COMPONENTS. INDUSTRIAL • HIGH-TEMPERATURE CASTINGS • COMBUSTION COMPONENTS • THERMAL-FATIGUE COMPONENTS • SPECIALTY FURNACE COMPONENTS. 14) ALLOY 713C VS K418 K418 IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE GRADES FOR 713C. ALLOY 713C BASE: NICKEL TYPE: CAST PRECIPITATION-HARDENING SUPERALLOY MAIN STRENGTHENING: Γ′ ALUMINIUM: HIGH NIOBIUM: PRESENT TYPICAL APPLICATION: TURBINE / TURBOCHARGER / AEROSPACE RELATIONSHIP: REFERENCE AMERICAN ALLOY MANUFACTURING: CASTING K418 BASE: NICKEL TYPE: CAST PRECIPITATION-HARDENING SUPERALLOY MAIN STRENGTHENING: Γ′ ALUMINIUM: HIGH NIOBIUM: PRESENT TYPICAL APPLICATION: TURBINE / TURBOCHARGER / AEROSPACE RELATIONSHIP: CHINESE EQUIVALENT/CLOSELY RELATED GRADE MANUFACTURING: CASTING TECHNICAL AND RESEARCH SOURCES EXPLICITLY IDENTIFY K418 AS EQUIVALENT OR CLOSELY RELATED TO INCONEL 713C. 15) ALLOY 713C VS INCONEL 713LC 713LC SHOULD NOT BE CONFUSED WITH 713C. 713LC IS A LOWER-CARBON DERIVATIVE INTENDED TO MODIFY CASTING AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS. THEREFORE, PURCHASE DOCUMENTS SHOULD CLEARLY STATE: IN 713C OR IN 713LC RATHER THAN SIMPLY “713 ALLOY.” THIS DISTINCTION IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR: • CASTING FEEDSTOCK • AEROSPACE COMPONENTS • TURBOCHARGER WHEELS • INVESTMENT CASTING • QUALIFICATION PROGRAMS. 16) ALLOY 713C VS INCONEL 718 THESE ALLOYS ARE FREQUENTLY CONFUSED BECAUSE BOTH ARE NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOYS. INCONEL 713C PRIMARY FORM: CAST MAJOR STRENGTHENING: Γ′ ALUMINIUM: HIGH NIOBIUM: PRESENT TYPICAL MANUFACTURING: CASTING WELDING: DIFFICULT TYPICAL USE: TURBINE/TURBOCHARGER CASTINGS INCONEL 718 PRIMARY FORM: WROUGHT / FORGED / CAST MAJOR STRENGTHENING: Γ″ + Γ′ ALUMINIUM: LOWER NIOBIUM: MAJOR STRENGTHENING ELEMENT TYPICAL MANUFACTURING: FORGING, ROLLING, MACHINING, CASTING WELDING: BETTER ESTABLISHED TYPICAL USE: AEROSPACE STRUCTURES, SHAFTS, DISCS, FASTENERS DO NOT SUBSTITUTE 718 FOR 713C SOLELY BECAUSE BOTH ARE NICKEL SUPERALLOYS. 17) APPLICABLE SPECIFICATION STANDARDS PRIMARY SPECIFICATION AMS 5391 THE MOST IMPORTANT SPECIFICATION REFERENCE FOR 713C IS THE SAE AMS 5391 FAMILY. THE CURRENT PUBLISHED REVISION IS AMS 5391J, REVISED JULY 16, 2025) IT COVERS NICKEL ALLOY CORROSION- AND HEAT-RESISTANT INVESTMENT CASTINGS, VACUUM CAST AND AS-CAST. SAE AMS 5391J SPECIFICATION OEM SPECIFICATIONS OEM-SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS CAN ALSO APPLY. FOR EXAMPLE, PARMANU DHATU NIGAM IDENTIFIES PWA 655 AND EMS 55371 AMONG SPECIFICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH IN 713C. CHINESE STANDARDS K418-RELATED CHINESE MATERIAL IS ASSOCIATED IN TECHNICAL LITERATURE WITH STANDARDS INCLUDING: • GB/T 14992 • GJB 5512.1 • HB 7728 • HB 7763 • HB/Z 140. THESE SHOULD BE VERIFIED AGAINST THE EXACT PRODUCT FORM AND CURRENT REVISION BEFORE BEING LISTED ON A MATERIAL CERTIFICATE. IMPORTANT SPECIFICATION WARNING ONLINE DATABASES SOMETIMES LIST AMS 5377, AMS 5380, AMS 5391, ASTM STANDARDS, DIN/EN NUMBERS AND OTHER DESIGNATIONS AGAINST 713C. THEY SHOULD NOT AUTOMATICALLY BE PRESENTED AS INTERCHANGEABLE STANDARDS. THE AUTHORITATIVE SPECIFICATION MUST BE ESTABLISHED FROM THE CUSTOMER'S DRAWING, PO, OEM MATERIAL SPECIFICATION AND REQUIRED PRODUCT FORM. 18) QUALITY CONTROL DURING 713C ROUND BAR MANUFACTURING A HIGH-QUALITY ALLOY 713C MANUFACTURING PROGRAM SHOULD INCLUDE: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS • OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY • XRF WHERE APPROPRIATE • COMBUSTION ANALYSIS FOR CARBON • INERT-GAS ANALYSIS FOR O/N/H WHERE SPECIFIED. METALLURGICAL INSPECTION • OPTICAL MICROSCOPY • SEM/EDS • GRAIN-STRUCTURE EVALUATION • CARBIDE EVALUATION • Γ′ CHARACTERIZATION • SEGREGATION ASSESSMENT. MECHANICAL TESTING • TENSILE TESTING • YIELD TESTING • ELONGATION • HARDNESS • STRESS-RUPTURE TESTING WHERE SPECIFIED • CREEP TESTING WHERE REQUIRED. NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING DEPENDING ON PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS: • ULTRASONIC TESTING • RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING • DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION • DIMENSIONAL INSPECTION • SURFACE INSPECTION. FOR CRITICAL AEROSPACE CASTINGS, CONTROL OF INCLUSIONS, POROSITY, SEGREGATION AND SURFACE DEFECTS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT. RESEARCH ON IN 713C TURBINE COMPONENTS HAS DOCUMENTED THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLING ALLOY CHEMISTRY, CASTING CONFIGURATION AND CERAMIC-SHELL INTERACTIONS. 19) COMMON MANUFACTURING DEFECTS IN ALLOY 713C MANUFACTURERS MUST CONTROL: • SHRINKAGE POROSITY • GAS POROSITY • OXIDE INCLUSIONS • HOT CRACKING • SEGREGATION • CARBIDE NETWORKS • CERAMIC INCLUSIONS • SURFACE REACTIONS • DIMENSIONAL DISTORTION • MACHINING DAMAGE. BECAUSE 713C HAS SUBSTANTIAL ALLOYING ADDITIONS AND IS DESIGNED FOR CASTING, SOLIDIFICATION CONTROL IS FUNDAMENTAL. CONTINUOUS-CASTING RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT COOLING RATE CAN STRONGLY INFLUENCE DENDRITIC STRUCTURE, PRECIPITATE SIZE AND SEGREGATION BEHAVIOR. 20. MACHINING ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR ALLOY 713C IS DIFFICULT TO MACHINE COMPARED WITH ORDINARY STEELS BECAUSE OF ITS: • HIGH STRENGTH • PRECIPITATION-STRENGTHENED MICROSTRUCTURE • ABRASIVE CARBIDES • WORK-HARDENING TENDENCY • POOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY RELATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL STEELS. RECOMMENDED MACHINING PRACTICES GENERALLY INVOLVE: • RIGID MACHINE SETUP • SHARP CARBIDE TOOLING • CONTROLLED CUTTING SPEED • ADEQUATE FEED • ABUNDANT COOLANT WHERE APPROPRIATE • AVOIDANCE OF RUBBING • FREQUENT TOOL INSPECTION. FINAL MACHINING SHOULD BE PERFORMED ACCORDING TO THE COMPONENT DRAWING AND CUSTOMER'S MACHINING SPECIFICATION. 21) SURFACE FINISHING DEPENDING ON THE APPLICATION, 713C ROUND STOCK MAY BE SUPPLIED AS: • AS-CAST • ROUGH-MACHINED • TURNED • GROUND • CENTERLESS GROUND • PRECISION-MACHINED • CUT-TO-LENGTH • CUSTOM FINISHED. FOR CRITICAL COMPONENTS, SURFACE CONDITION IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE MACHINING MARKS CAN ACT AS STRESS CONCENTRATORS DURING HIGH-TEMPERATURE FATIGUE. 22) ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR SIZES BECAUSE 713C IS PRIMARILY A CAST ALLOY, SIZE AVAILABILITY DIFFERS FROM STANDARD WROUGHT NICKEL BARS. COMMONLY REQUESTED FORMS INCLUDE: • ROUND BARS • CYLINDRICAL CAST BARS • BILLETS • REMELT BARS • CUSTOM CAST SECTIONS • CUT BLANKS. COMMERCIAL SUPPLIERS MAY MANUFACTURE DIAMETERS AND LENGTHS ACCORDING TO CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS RATHER THAN FOLLOWING A SINGLE UNIVERSAL WROUGHT-BAR DIMENSIONAL STANDARD. THEREFORE, A PROFESSIONAL RFQ SHOULD SPECIFY: DIAMETER × LENGTH + CONDITION + APPLICABLE SPECIFICATION + CHEMISTRY + TESTING + SURFACE FINISH + CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS. 23) RECOMMENDED MATERIAL CERTIFICATE INFORMATION A 713C ROUND-BAR CERTIFICATE SHOULD IDEALLY IDENTIFY: • MATERIAL DESIGNATION • HEAT NUMBER • MELT NUMBER • PRODUCT FORM • DIAMETER • LENGTH • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION • APPLICABLE SPECIFICATION • SPECIFICATION REVISION • MELTING METHOD • CASTING METHOD • HEAT-TREATMENT CONDITION • TENSILE RESULTS • HARDNESS • STRESS-RUPTURE RESULTS IF REQUIRED • NDT RESULTS • DIMENSIONAL INSPECTION • TRACEABILITY STATEMENT. FOR AEROSPACE WORK, OEM REQUIREMENTS MAY BE CONSIDERABLY MORE STRINGENT. 24) HIGH-VOLUME GLOBAL KEYWORD CLUSTER FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIC SEARCH TARGETING, THE FOLLOWING KEYWORD FAMILIES ARE USEFUL: CORE KEYWORDS • ALLOY 713C • ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR • INCONEL 713C • INCONEL 713C ROUND BAR • IN 713C • IN-713C • UNS N07713 • 713C NICKEL ALLOY • 713C SUPERALLOY MANUFACTURING KEYWORDS • ALLOY 713C MANUFACTURING • INCONEL 713C MANUFACTURING • 713C ROUND BAR MANUFACTURING • 713C CASTING • 713C INVESTMENT CASTING • 713C VACUUM CASTING • 713C VACUUM MELTING • 713C VIM • 713C ALLOY MANUFACTURER • INCONEL 713C MANUFACTURER • 713C SUPPLIER • 713C EXPORTER • 713C STOCKIST SPECIFICATION KEYWORDS • ALLOY 713C AMS 5391 • INCONEL 713C AMS 5391 • AMS 5391J • UNS N07713 • K418 EQUIVALENT • K18 ALLOY • PWA 655 • EMS 55371 • 713C MATERIAL SPECIFICATION • 713C CHEMICAL COMPOSITION APPLICATION KEYWORDS • 713C TURBINE BLADE • 713C TURBINE VANE • 713C TURBOCHARGER WHEEL • 713C GAS TURBINE • 713C AEROSPACE ALLOY • 713C HIGH TEMPERATURE ALLOY • 713C HEAT RESISTANT ALLOY • 713C OXIDATION RESISTANT ALLOY • 713C CASTING ALLOY. CAVEAT: I CAN IDENTIFY COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT/HIGH-INTENT GLOBAL KEYWORD FAMILIES FROM CURRENT WEB EVIDENCE, BUT I DO NOT HAVE ACCESS HERE TO GOOGLE'S PROPRIETARY WORLDWIDE MONTHLY SEARCH-VOLUME DATABASE. THEREFORE, IT WOULD BE MISLEADING TO ASSIGN EXACT GLOBAL SEARCH VOLUMES OR CLAIM THAT A PARTICULAR KEYWORD IS DEFINITIVELY #1 WORLDWIDE. 25) GLOBAL BUYER SEARCH TERMS INTERNATIONAL BUYERS MAY USE DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGY FOR THE SAME PURCHASING REQUIREMENT: UNITED STATES: “INCONEL 713C ROUND BAR”, “ALLOY 713C BAR”, “UNS N07713” INDIA: “INCONEL 713C ROUND BAR MANUFACTURER”, “713C NICKEL ALLOY SUPPLIER”, “713C BAR EXPORTER” CHINA: “K418”, “K18”, “K418 ALLOY”, “K418 ROUND BAR” EUROPE: “713C NICKEL SUPERALLOY”, “NI-BASED CAST SUPERALLOY”, “713C INVESTMENT CASTING ALLOY” AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY: “713C TURBOCHARGER WHEEL MATERIAL” AEROSPACE INDUSTRY: “713C TURBINE BLADE ALLOY”, “PWA 655”, “HIGH TEMPERATURE CAST NICKEL ALLOY” 26) ALLOY 713C MANUFACTURING FLOW CHART ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION ↓ RAW-MATERIAL SELECTION ↓ CHARGE CALCULATION ↓ VACUUM INDUCTION MELTING ↓ CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ↓ VACUUM REFINING / CHEMISTRY CORRECTION ↓ VACUUM OR PROTECTIVE-ATMOSPHERE CASTING ↓ CONTROLLED SOLIDIFICATION ↓ CYLINDRICAL BAR / BILLET PRODUCTION ↓ HEAT TREATMENT IF SPECIFIED ↓ CUTTING AND MACHINING ↓ NDT AND DIMENSIONAL INSPECTION ↓ MECHANICAL TESTING ↓ METALLOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION ↓ FINAL CERTIFICATION ↓ PACKAGING AND EXPORT 27) WHY CHOOSE ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR? ALLOY 713C REMAINS AN IMPORTANT CAST NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOY BECAUSE IT COMBINES: • HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRENGTH • PRECIPITATION HARDENING • OXIDATION RESISTANCE • THERMAL-FATIGUE RESISTANCE • GOOD CASTABILITY • RELATIVELY STRAIGHTFORWARD CAST PROCESSING • STRONG PERFORMANCE IN TURBINE AND TURBOCHARGER APPLICATIONS. ITS HISTORY IS CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH-TEMPERATURE TURBINE AND AUTOMOTIVE TURBOCHARGER TECHNOLOGY, AND MODERN SUPPLIERS CONTINUE TO IDENTIFY IN 713C FOR AEROSPACE, POWER-GENERATION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. 28) FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS WHAT IS ALLOY 713C? ALLOY 713C IS A PRECIPITATION-HARDENING, NICKEL-CHROMIUM-BASE CAST SUPERALLOY DESIGNED FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS. IS INCONEL 713C THE SAME AS ALLOY 713C? IN COMMERCIAL TERMINOLOGY, YES. “INCONEL 713C” IS THE WELL-KNOWN TRADE DESIGNATION ASSOCIATED WITH ALLOY 713C. THE TRADEMARK SHOULD BE ATTRIBUTED APPROPRIATELY RATHER THAN TREATING “INCONEL” AS A GENERIC NAME. WHAT IS THE EQUIVALENT OF INCONEL 713C? K418 IS ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL INTERNATIONAL EQUIVALENT/CLOSELY RELATED DESIGNATIONS, PARTICULARLY IN CHINA. UNS N07713 AND AMS 5391 ARE ALSO WIDELY USED REFERENCES. WHAT IS THE MAIN SPECIFICATION FOR 713C? AMS 5391 IS THE PRINCIPAL SAE AEROSPACE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION REFERENCE; THE CURRENT REVISION IS AMS 5391J. IS 713C A WROUGHT ALLOY? PRIMARILY NO. IT IS A CAST NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOY. A PRODUCT SOLD AS “713C ROUND BAR” SHOULD THEREFORE HAVE ITS ACTUAL MANUFACTURING FORM CLEARLY IDENTIFIED. WHAT IS 713C USED FOR? TYPICAL USES INCLUDE TURBINE BLADES, TURBINE VANES, TURBOCHARGER WHEELS, GAS-TURBINE COMPONENTS AND OTHER HIGH-TEMPERATURE CAST COMPONENTS. IS 713C WELDABLE? IT SHOULD BE TREATED AS A DIFFICULT-TO-WELD CAST SUPERALLOY, AND WELDING OR REPAIR WELDING MUST BE PERFORMED ONLY UNDER AN APPROVED PROCEDURE FOR THE SPECIFIC COMPONENT AND SPECIFICATION. WHAT IS K418? K418 IS A CHINESE NICKEL-BASE PRECIPITATION-HARDENING CAST SUPERALLOY CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH INCONEL 713C. RESEARCH LITERATURE EXPLICITLY DESCRIBES K418 AS EQUIVALENT TO INCONEL 713C. 29) FINAL TECHNICAL SUMMARY ALLOY 713C / INCONEL 713C / IN-713C IS A HIGH-ALUMINIUM, PRECIPITATION-STRENGTHENED, NICKEL-BASE CAST SUPERALLOY OPTIMIZED FOR DEMANDING HIGH-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS. ITS PRINCIPAL STRENGTHENING SYSTEM IS BASED ON Γ′ PRECIPITATION, WHILE CHROMIUM, MOLYBDENUM, NIOBIUM, TITANIUM, CARBON, BORON AND ZIRCONIUM CONTRIBUTE TO ITS HIGH-TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE AND CAST MICROSTRUCTURE. FOR INTERNATIONAL PROCUREMENT, THE MOST USEFUL IDENTIFICATION CHAIN IS: ALLOY 713C → INCONEL 713C → IN-713C → UNS N07713 → AMS 5391 → K418/K18 COMPARATIVE CHINESE DESIGNATION → PWA 655 OEM REFERENCE HOWEVER, THESE DESIGNATIONS SHOULD NOT AUTOMATICALLY BE TREATED AS INTERCHANGEABLE. THE PRODUCT FORM AND EXACT GOVERNING SPECIFICATION ARE CRITICAL BECAUSE AMS 5391 IS FUNDAMENTALLY AN INVESTMENT-CASTING SPECIFICATION, WHILE “713C ROUND BAR” MAY REPRESENT CAST CYLINDRICAL STOCK OR REMELTING MATERIAL RATHER THAN A CONVENTIONAL WROUGHT BAR. FOR A MANUFACTURER OR EXPORTER, THE STRONGEST POSITIONING IS THEREFORE TO COMBINE “ALLOY 713C ROUND BAR, ” “INCONEL 713C, ” “UNS N07713, ” “K418, ” “AMS 5391, ” “IN-713C, ” “NICKEL SUPERALLOY, ” “VACUUM CASTING, ” “INVESTMENT CASTING, ” “TURBINE BLADE, ” AND “TURBOCHARGER WHEEL” WHILE MAINTAINING TECHNICALLY ACCURATE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN EQUIVALENT GRADES, TRADEMARKS AND SPECIFICATIONS.